Allergic asthma is one of most famous allergic diseases, which develops lung and airway
inflammation. Recent studies have revealed the relationship between the pathology of …

TLRs are a family of receptors that mediate immune system pathogen recognition. In the
respiratory system, TLR activation has both beneficial and deleterious effects in asthma. For …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) play pivotal role in the pathogenesis of allergic airway diseases
such as asthma. TLR9 is one of the most extensively studied TLRs as an approach to treat …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been reported to mediate airway inflammation,
however, the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In the present study, our objective …

Allergic asthma is a complicated genetic disorder caused by interaction of the acquired and
innate immune responses. Acquired immune responses to protein antigens could induce …

Background c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) relays extracellular stimuli through
phosphorylation cascades that lead to various cell responses. In the present study, we …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-6 plays important roles in autoimmunity and inflammation and is
essential for T helper (Th) 2 and Th17 differentiation. However, whether it is involved in the …

Background Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important mediators of allergic
asthma. Bacterial components, such as unmethylated CpG DNA, a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 …

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in the pathophysiology of
asthma via the robust production of type 2 cytokines. Recent studies have demonstrated that …

Background Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as pattern recognition receptors, participate in both
innate and adaptive immune responses, and seem to play an important role in the …