In recent years, drug development costs have soared, primarily due to the failure of
preclinical animal and cell culture models, which do not directly translate to human …

Organs-on-a-chip (OOCs) are miniature tissues and organs grown in vitro that enable
modeling of human physiology and disease. The technology has emerged from converging …

Highlights•Physiologically relevant organ models based on microfabrication and
bioengineering.•Recent progress on organ-on-a-chip systems simulating kidney, brain, lung …

To curb the high cost of drug development, there is an urgent need to develop more
predictive tissue models using human cells to determine drug efficacy and safety in advance …

To reduce the required capital and time investment in the development of new
pharmaceutical agents, there is an urgent need for preclinical drug testing models that are …

Breakthroughs in stem cell biology and microfluidics technology have opened doors to in
vitro screening platforms for personalized testing of safety (pharmaceuticals, nutrients …

In vitro cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the
pharmaceutical industry. When these tools fail, the results are costly and have at times …

Organ-on-chip (OoC) technology is thriving thanks to stem cells availability and international
OoC programs. Concerted standardization, qualification, and independent testing of devices …

Predicting the effects of drugs before human clinical trials is at the heart of drug screening
and discovery processes. The cost of drug discovery is steadily increasing owing to the …

Over the past decade, organ-on-chip research has been one of the most prolific areas of the
entire field of tissue engineering. The development of organ-on-chip models requires an …