Background Sex differences in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) suggest a protective role
for estrogen (E2); however, mechanistic studies in animal models have produced mixed …

Accumulating evidence shows that estrogens are protective factors in inflammatory lung
diseases and are involved in the gender-related incidence of these pathologies. The aim of …

Gender differences in lung disease and cancer are well-established. We reported estrogenic
transcriptional responses in lung adenocarcinoma cells from females but not males despite …

Estrogens have well-documented effects on lung development and physiology. However,
the classical estrogen receptor α (ERα) is undetectable in the lung, and this has left many …

The role of estrogens in the increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma in women remains
uncertain. We reported that lung adenocarcinoma cell lines from female, but not male …

Recent studies have shown that estrogens promote the growth of lung cancer cells and may
potentially be responsible for increased susceptibility to lung cancer in women. These …

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key enzyme in the production of prostaglandins and
thromboxanes from free arachidonic acid. Increasing evidence suggests that COX-2 plays a …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from neoplasia in men and women in the United
States. Some studies suggest that women are more susceptible than men to tobaccoinduced …

Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell hyperplasia driven by persistent inflammation is a
hallmark feature of remodeling in asthma. Sex steroid signaling in the lungs is of …

The estrogen receptor (ER) signaling and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R)
signaling are implicated in lung cancer progression. Here, we sought to investigate whether …