The cytokine, TNF, participates in virtually every aspect of stroke. Its effects, however, often
appear contradictory. Analysis of the current model for TNF receptor signaling and TNF …

Brain injury, as occurs in stroke or head trauma, induces a dramatic increase in levels of
tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF), but its role in brain injury response is unknown. We …

The progression and outcome of stroke is affected by the intricate relationship between the
blood–brain barrier (BBB) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). TNFα crosses the intact BBB …

Two contrasting roles, one beneficial and the injurious, have been proposed for tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Reported here are results …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS)
characterized by localized areas of demyelination1. Although the etiology and pathogenesis …

Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of
several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Prominent among such factors is the …

Cerebral ischemia induces a rapid and dramatic up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
protein and mRNA, but the cellular sources of TNF in the ischemic brain have not been …

We evaluated by immunocytochemistry cellular localization and time-dependent expression
of tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-alpha) and its receptors p55 (TNF-RI) and p75 (TNF-R2) in …

Preclinical and clinical proof-of-concept studies have suggested the effectiveness of
pharmacological modulation of inflammatory cytokines in ischemic stroke. Experimental …

Background and Purpose—Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is detected in ischemic brain
cells in experimental animal models and is believed to play an important role in apoptosis …