PURPOSE Although abstinence is recommended in pregnancy, many pregnancies are
exposed to alcohol. Observational studies of the effects of low to moderate prenatal alcohol …

Background Prenatal exposure to alcohol (PAE) represents a significant public health
concern. Previous research linking PAE to neurodevelopmental outcomes has been mixed …

Background The objective of this review is to evaluate the literature on the association
between mild, moderate, and binge prenatal alcohol exposure and child neurodevelopment …

Background Systematic reviews of prenatal alcohol exposure effects generally only include
conventional observational studies. However, estimates from such studies are prone to …

Background Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE)
continue to be prevalent in the United States and worldwide. Because these sequelae are …

Several explanations for the diverse results in research on foetal alcohol spectrum disorders
or alcohol‐related neurodevelopmental disorder might be at hand: timing, amount and …

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) results in well‐characterized neurological, behavioral, and
cognitive deficits in offspring. However, the effects on other health outcomes have not been …

Background Prenatal alcohol exposure has been found to be associated with adverse
physical and mental health outcomes in postnatal life, but the evidence is equivocal as to …

Evidence is strong for adverse fetal effects of high level or chronic prenatal alcohol exposure
(PAE), but many pregnant women continue to drink at lower levels. The 'Asking Questions …

Background Teratogenicity of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure is established, but
uncertainty remains regarding the impact of moderate alcohol exposure on cognitive deficits …