Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging
environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated …

A wide diversity of plant-associated symbionts, including microbes, produce proteins that
can enter host cells, or are injected into host cells in order to modify the physiology of the …

The exponential growth in world population is feeding a steadily increasing global need for
arable farmland, a resource that is already in high demand. This trend has led to increased …

Highlights•Effectors enable robust interkingdom communication at the fungus–plant
interface.•Fungi produce novel metabolites and/or phytohormone mimics during host …

Plants are the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems, and their colonization of land was
probably facilitated by mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Following …

Plants interact throughout their lives with environmental microorganisms. These interactions
determine plant development, nutrition, and fitness in a dynamic and stressful environment …

Beneficial microbes have a positive impact on the productivity and fitness of the host plant. A
better understanding of the biological impacts and underlying mechanisms by which the …

Plants generate effective responses to infection by recognizing both conserved and variable
pathogen-encoded molecules. Pathogens deploy virulence effector proteins into host cells …

Plant hormones coordinate responses to environmental cues with developmental programs,
and are fundamental for stress resilience and agronomic yield. The core signalling pathways …

Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones
are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling …