Abstract Changes in accumulated snowfall over the Antarctic Ice Sheet have an immediate
and time-delayed impact on global mean sea level. The immediate impact is due to the …

In stark contrast to the Arctic, there have been statistically significant positive trends in total
Antarctic sea ice extent since 1979. However, the short and highly variable nature of …

Following years of record highs, an unexpected and precipitous reduction in Antarctic sea-
ice extent started in 2016. This decline, lasting three years, was the most pronounced of the …

Abstract During the Middle Miocene climate transition about 14 million years ago, the
Antarctic ice sheet expanded to near-modern volume. Surprisingly, this ice sheet growth was …

Satellite radar altimetry measurements indicate that the East Antarctic ice-sheet interior north
of 81.6° S increased in mass by 45±7 billion metric tons per year from 1992 to 2003 …

Future sea-level rise projections carry large uncertainties, mainly driven by the unknown
response of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to climate change. During the past four decades, the …

Antarctic snowfall exhibits substantial variability over a range of time scales, with
consequent impacts on global sea level and the mass balance of the ice sheets. To assess …

Abstract Changes in sea ice significantly modulate climate change because of its high
reflective and strong insulating nature. In contrast to Arctic sea ice, sea ice surrounding …

Sea-level rise due to ice loss in the Northern Hemisphere in response to insolation and
greenhouse gas forcing is thought to have caused grounding-line retreat of marine-based …

The pace of Arctic warming is about double that at lower latitudes—a robust phenomenon
known as Arctic amplification. Many diverse climate processes and feedbacks cause Arctic …