Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK (MAPK) signaling cascade is essential for cell inter-and intra-
cellular communication, which regulates fundamental cell functions such as growth, survival …

Abstract The Raf/Mek/Erk signaling pathway, activated downstream of Ras primarily to
promote proliferation, represents the best studied of the evolutionary conserved MAPK …

Abstract The RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK pathway is the most well-studied of the MAPK cascades
and is critical for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Abnormalities in regulation …

First identified in the early 1980s as retroviral oncogenes, the Raf proteins have been the
objects of intense research. The discoveries 10 years later that the Raf family members (Raf …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates cellular
responses to different growth signals and is frequently deregulated in cancer. There are …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

Abstract The Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade is arguably the most important
oncogenic pathway in human cancers. Ras-GTP promotes the formation of active …

The Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is a highly conserved signal transduction module whose
activation reportedly results in a plethora of physiological outcomes. Depending on the cell …

Abstract The Raf-MEK-ERK signalling pathway controls fundamental cellular processes
including proliferation, differentiation and survival. It remains enigmatic how this pathway …