Simple Summary Metastasis, the process by which cancer cells escape primary tumor site
and colonize distant organs, is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. The tumor …

Tumor budding occurs at the invasive front of cancer; the tumor cells involved have
metastatic and stemness features, indicating a poor prognosis. Tumor budding is partly …

Cancers represent complex ecosystems comprising tumor cells and a multitude of non-
cancerous cells, embedded in an altered extracellular matrix. The tumor microenvironment …

Primary neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous and the process of metastasis consists
of a series of sequential, selective steps that few cells can complete. The outcome of cancer …

By the time of diagnosis, primary neoplasms are biologically heterogeneous and contain
subpopulations of cells with different metastatic potentials. The pathogenesis of a metastasis …

Cancer cells acquire cell-autonomous capacities to undergo limitless proliferation and
survival through the activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes …

During tumor development, tumor cells constantly communicate with the surrounding
microenvironment through both biochemical and biophysical cues. In particular, the tumor …

Simple Summary Tumors are not masses of cancer cells alone but made up of cancer cells,
other cells including fibroblasts, macrophages, endothelial cells, as well as secreted factors …

Metastasis is a multistage process that requires cancer cells to escape from the primary
tumour, survive in the circulation, seed at distant sites and grow. Each of these processes …

Recent advances in cancer immunology have led to a better understanding of the role of the
tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors can …