Pain is a negative affective state arising from tissue damage or inflammation. Because pain
is aversive and its relief is innately rewarding, animals may learn to avoid a context in which …

Cephalopod molluscs are the most neurally and behaviorally complex invertebrates, with
brains rivaling those of some vertebrates in size and complexity. This has fostered the …

The inability to adequately treat chronic pain is a worldwide health care crisis. Pain has both
an emotional and a sensory component, and this latter component, nociception, refers …

Molluscs have proven to be invaluable models for basic neuroscience research, yielding
fundamental insights into a range of biological processes involved in action potential …

All animals face hazards that cause tissue damage and most have nociceptive reflex
responses that protect them from such damage. However, some taxa have also evolved the …

In this paper we1 assess the potential for research on nonhuman animals to address
questions about the phenomenology of painful experiences. Nociception, the basic capacity …

All animals face hazards that cause tissue damage, and most have nociceptive reflex
responses that protect them from such damage. However, some taxa have also evolved the …

Bodily injury in mammals often produces persistent pain that is driven at least in part by long-
lasting sensitization and spontaneous activity (SA) in peripheral branches of primary …

Recent developments in the study of pain in animals have demonstrated the potential for
pain perception in a variety of wholly aquatic species such as molluscs, crustaceans and …

The adaptive significance of acute pain (to withdraw from tissue-damaging or potentially
tissue-damaging external stimuli, and to enhance the salience of the stimulus resulting in …