During the past decade there has been a substantial advance in our understanding of
estrogen signaling both from a clinical as well as a preclinical perspective. Estrogen …

The discovery of the second estrogen receptor (ER) in 1995 surprised many
endocrinologists and resulted in some scepticism regarding its physiological importance …

Estrogens exert profound effects on the physiology of diverse target cells and these effects
appear to be mediated by two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ. We have …

The action of nuclear hormone receptors is tripartite, involving the receptor, its ligands, and
its co-regulator proteins. The estrogen receptor (ER), a member of this superfamily, is a …

The biological actions of estrogens are mediated by estrogen binding to one of two specific
estrogen receptors (ERs) ERα and ERβ, which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, a …

We have known for many years that estrogen is more than the female hormone. It is
essential in the male gonads, and in both sexes, estrogen has functions in the skeleton and …

Nineteen years have passed since our previous review in this journal in 1999 regarding
estrogen receptors. At that time, we described the current assessments of the physiological …

Today we have to consider the existence of two estrogen receptors, a and b, in our attempts
to understand the role of estrogen receptors in physiology and pathology, and to explain the …

The biological effects of estrogen (E) in mammalian target tissues are important for
numerous physiological processes. E is known to induce responses in the reproductive tract …

Estrogen is of vital importance for the development and control of reproductive functions.
Until recently, estrogen was believed to regulate complex programs of gene expression by …