Introduction Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM; GDM) are significant
health concerns because they are associated with an increased rate of malformations and …

In spite of the huge progress in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, we are still in the situation
that both pregestational (PGDM) and gestational diabetes (GDM) impose an additional risk …

Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States, which has one of
the highest infant mortality rates in the developed world. Many of these birth defects can be …

Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased teratogenesis, which can occur in
pregestational type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Cardiac defects and with neural tube defects are …

Gestational diabetes mellitus is defined by new-onset glucose intolerance during
pregnancy. About 2–5% of all pregnant women develop gestational diabetes during their …

Background Maternal diabetes is a well-known risk factor for birth defects, such as heart
defects and neural tube defects. The causative molecular mechanisms in the developing …

Maternal diabetes constitutes an unfavorable environment for embryonic and fetoplacental
development. Despite current treatments, pregnant women with pregestational diabetes are …

There is a global epidemic of obesity and diabetes, and current efforts to curb the diabetes
epidemic have had limited success. Epidemiological studies have highlighted increased risk …

Maternal diabetes develops in 2-6% of total pregnancies, depending on geographical and
ethnic background. About 10% of fetuses from diabetic pregnancy display congenital …

ABSTRACT Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic condition
during pregnancy and may result in short-and long-term complications for both mother and …