In immunotherapy, the immune system is modulated in order to treat cancer. Traditional two
dimensional in vitro models and in vivo animal models are insufficient to simulate the …

Cancer immunotherapy is exploited for the treatment of disease by modulating the immune
system. Since the conventional in vivo animal and 2D in vitro models insufficiently …

Patient-derived tumor organoids (PDOs) represent a promising preclinical cancer model that
better replicates disease, compared with traditional cell culture models. We have …

Cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly govern cancer
progression and drug response. The efficacy of clinical immunotherapies has fostered an …

Lung cancer organoid (LCO) is a novel model of lung cancer that facilitates drug screening.
However, the success rate of LCOs varies from 7% to 87%, and the culture medium …

Patient‐derived cancer models that reconstitute the characteristics of the tumor
microenvironment may facilitate efforts in precision immune‐oncology and the discovery of …

Organoid models have revolutionized cancer research through their ability to capture the
cellular heterogeneity and spatial organization of a tumor in 3D culture. Patient-derived …

In contrast to conventional cancer treatment, in personalized cancer medicine each patient
receives a specific treatment. The response to therapy, clinical outcomes, and tumor …

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized the way tumors are treated. Nevertheless,
efficient and robust testing platforms are still missing, including clinically relevant human ex …

During the past decade, the three-dimensional organoid technology has sprung up and
become more and more popular among researchers. Organoids are the miniatures of in vivo …