Early life stressful events have detrimental effects on the brain and behavior, which are
associated with the development of depression. Immune-inflammatory responses have been …

Depression is a psychiatric disorder with several comorbidities that has a complicated
pathophysiology. Multiple mechanisms such as abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal …

Maternal immune activation is an environmental risk factor for the development of
neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression later in life. There is an urgent …

Evidence indicates that experiencing early-life stress (ELS) is a risk factor for the
development of mental disorders such as depression. Maternal separation stress (MS) is a …

Adverse life events occurring in early development can result in long-term effects on
behavioural, physiological and cognitive processes. In particular, perinatal stressors impair …

Early life experience is closely related to depression caused by stress in adulthood. Early life
experience, including maternal separation (MS), has been shown to evoke stress sensitivity …

Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs) leads to affective dysfunction in adulthood,
which may be associated with the alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis …

Early life adversities during childhood (such as maltreatment, abuse, neglect, or parental
deprivation) may increase the vulnerability to cognitive disturbances and emotional …

Early life stress increases the risk of developing psychopathology accompanied by reduced
cognitive function in later life. Maternal separation induces anxiety-like behaviours and is …

Chronic stress is involved in development of depression and causes immune alterations.
Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a pivotal role in mediating the depression-like …