Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also termed endotoxins, considered to be a major
virulence factor, are responsible for the lethal effects and clinical manifestations of diseases …

Endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide component of outer cell wall membrane of the Gram-
negative bacteria is a factor responsible for a number of biological effects including …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin is an integral component of the outer membrane of
Gram-negative bacteria. In crustaceans, it elicits rapid and massive degranulation of …

Lipolysaccharide (LPS), a component of outer membrane protein of gram-negative bacteria,
reportedly stimulates fish immune system. However, mechanisms driving this …

Biotic and abiotic factors shape investment in costly defenses. The immune systems of
vertebrates and invertebrates differ in their fitness cost. However, the hygienic behavior of …

The interaction between pathogens and their multicellular hosts is initiated by activation of
pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). These receptors, that include most notably …

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been used in the present work to study the fish response to
bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure and LPS tolerance. These mechanisms are not …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immunity. They were found to
recognise specific structures on pathogens termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),
which play significant roles in innate immunity to defense against pathogen invasion. Many …

Crustacean species are considered as a major sector in the aquaculture industry that plays
a fundamental role in the world's economy. However, with a wide range of various epidemic …