Pathogens can pose challenges to plant growth and development at various stages of their
life cycle. Two interconnected defense strategies prevent the growth of pathogens in plants …

Plants rely on multiple immune systems to protect themselves from pathogens. When pattern-
triggered immunity (PTI)—the first layer of the immune response—is no longer effective as a …

Plants are invaded by an array of pathogens of which only a few succeed in causing
disease. The attack by others is countered by a sophisticated immune system possessed by …

In natural ecosystems, disease is not the rule, but a rare outcome in the spectrum of plant–
microbe interaction, since plants have developed, during their evolutionary history, various …

Plants face a relentless onslaught from a diverse array of pathogens in their natural
environment, to which they have evolved a myriad of strategies that unfold across various …

At different stages throughout their life cycle, plants often encounter several pathogenic
microbes that challenge plant growth and development. The sophisticated innate plant …

In plant innate immunity, individual cells have the capacity to sense and respond to
pathogen attack. Intracellular recognition mechanisms have evolved to intercept …

Disease resistance depends on the ability of the plant to recognize a pathogen early in the
infection process. Molecules that indicate the presence of the pathogen (elicitors) activate …

Plants in nature live in intimate associations with other organisms, including microbial
pathogens, symbiotic and otherwise beneficial microorganisms, herbivorous insects and …

Plants have an innate immunity system to defend themselves against pathogens. With the
primary immune system, plants recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) …