Background Cognitive deterioration is a core symptom of many neuropsychiatric disorders
and target of increasing significance for novel treatment strategies. Hence, its reliable …

Practice effects are improvements in cognitive test performance due to repeated evaluation
with the same or similar test materials. Prior studies have reported that these improvements …

Introduction Practice effects are characteristic of nearly all standard cognitive tasks when
repeated during serial assessments and are frequently important confounders in clinical …

Practice effects, defined as improvements in cognitive test performance due to repeated
exposure to the test materials, have traditionally been viewed as sources of error. However …

In neuropsychological assessment, and many areas of research, it is common for the same
test to be administered on more than one occasion to measure change. Measured changes …

Abstract Background Practice effects (PEs) are improvements in performance after repeated
exposure to test materials, and typically viewed as a source of bias in repeated cognitive …

There are many situations in which cognitive tests need to be administered on more than
two occasions and at very brief test-retest intervals to detect change in group performance …

Performance on many cognitive and neuropsychological tests may be improved by prior
exposure to testing stimuli and procedures. These beneficial practice effects can have a …

Research has revealed age-related decrements in performance on a variety of attention-
related tasks, including sustained attention, selective attention, and inhibition tasks …

Expectancy or placebo effects on cognitive function have not been well studied. To
determine the effect of taking pills on cognitive function, 40 participants were randomly …