Background Cognitive decline occurs frequently in Parkinson's disease (PD), which greatly
decreases the quality of life of patients. However, the mechanisms remain to be investigated …

Background Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is found in honey bee propolis. It has
immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. Rotenone is a pesticide …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative
disorder caused by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra (SN) to …

Epidemiological studies demonstrated that pesticide exposure, such as rotenone and
paraquat, increases the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Chronic systemic exposure to …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic
neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), accompanied by accumulation of α …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by a progressive loss of
nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Microglia activation and neuroinflammation have been …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Although
its pathogenesis is still unclear, increasing evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction …

With the world's population ageing, the incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is on the rise.
In recent years, inflammatory processes have emerged as prominent contributors to the …

The impact of systemic inflammation in nigral dopaminergic cell loss remains unclear. Here,
we have investigated the role of peripheral inflammation induced by systemic …

Rotenone is a neurotoxic pesticide widely used in agriculture. Dopaminergic neuron has
long been considered as the target of rotenone. We recently reported that rotenone …