Randomized assignment of treatment excludes reverse causation and selection bias and, in
sufficiently large studies, effectively prevents confounding. Well-implemented blinding …

The new millennium has seen a consolidation of the difficulties in pursuing clinical research
in anaesthesia. Anaesthesia is rarely seen as a specialty with a high academic profile [1] …

Accruing large sample sizes overcomes the problems discussed above; however, large
trials usually require multiple centers that increase the complexity and cost of the trials. The …

Randomized controlled trials (clinical trials), like all medical research, should create new
knowledge that eventually leads to improvement in patient outcomes. Their value depends …

Random assignment of treatments is an essential feature of experimental design in general
and clinical trials in particular. It provides broad comparability of treatment groups and …

The randomized controlled clinical trial is the standard by which all trials are judged. In the
simplest case, randomization is a process by which each participant has the same chance of …

Appropriate control group selection in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a critical factor
in generating results, which are both interpretable and generalizable. Control groups ideally …

The assessment of a new or existing treatment or intervention typically answers 1 of 3
research-related questions:(1)“Can it work?”(efficacy);(2)“Does it work?”(effectiveness); and …

Background. There are concerns that use of the term “randomized” conveys a form of
legitimacy to surgical trials that may sometimes be inappropriate. The objective of this study …

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are clinical experiments that assess whether the
intervention tested improves the primary outcome. Random allocation of subjects and …