Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype has caused devastating
damage to poultry flocks and sporadic human H5N1 infections. There is concern that this …

Background Rapid diagnosis and surveillance for H5 subtype viruses are critical for the
control of H5N1 infection. Results In this study, H5 Dot ELISA, a rapid test for the detection of …

Background Active serologic surveillance of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
virus in humans and poultry is critical to control this disease. However, the need for a robust …

Background Human infections with highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses have
generally been confirmed by molecular amplification or culture-based methods. Serologic …

The unprecedented spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 in Asia
and Europe is threatening animals and public health systems. Effective diagnosis and …

Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 was due to mutation of low
pathogenic avian influenza H7N1 strain, which caused outbreaks in Italy between 1999 and …

Continuing evolution of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1 influenza viruses in wild birds with
transmission to domestic poultry and humans poses a pandemic threat. There is an urgent …

Avian H7N9 subtype influenza virus infects human with high case‐fatality rate since it
emerged in 2013. Although the vaccination has been rapidly used in poultry due to the …

Background Outbreaks in poultry involving influenza virus from H7 subtype have resulted in
human infections, thus causing a major concern for public health, as well as for the poultry …

Background Variant high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5 viruses have recently
emerged as a result of reassortment of the H5 haemagglutinin (HA) gene with different …