Induction of the adaptive immune response depends on the expression of co-stimulatory
molecules and cytokines by antigen-presenting cells. The mechanisms that control the initial …

The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infectious disease. The
principal challenge for the host is to detect the pathogen and mount a rapid defensive …

The discovery of sequence homology between the cytoplasmic domains of Drosophila Toll
and human interleukin 1 receptors has sown the conviction that both molecules trigger …

Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to infectious agents. In addition, the cells and molecules …

Innate immunity is the first-line host defense of multicellular organisms that rapidly operates
to limit infection upon exposure to microbes. It involves intracellular signaling pathways in …

PRRs. The PRRs that are able to induce gene expression, which we refer to as signaling
PRRs, were unknown until recently, and the first clues as to their nature had been suggested …

Macrophages orchestrate innate immunity by phagocytosing pathogens and coordinating
inflammatory responses. Effective defence requires the host to discriminate between …

Beginning in 1997 with the identification of the first human homologue of the Drosophila
protein Toll, a family of related molecules have been identified in both humans and other …

The Toll gene encodes an interleukin 1 receptor-like protein that mediates dorsoventral
polarity in the Drosophila embryo. The possible involvement of Toll or Toll-like proteins also …

In Drosophila, the signaling pathway mediated by the Toll receptor is critical for the
establishment of embryonic dorso-ventral pattern and for innate immune responses to …