Allostasis, or stability through change, has most often been linked with challenges to
homeostasis, in which repeated challenges or stressors produce sufficient allostatic load to …

Dysregulation of the brain emotional systems that mediate arousal and stress is a key
component of the pathophysiology of drug addiction. Drug addiction is a chronically …

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug intake, loss
of control over intake, and impairment in social and occupational function. Animal models …

Stress is one of the most commonly reported precipitants of drug use and is considered the
number one cause of relapse to drug abuse. For the past several decades, there have been …

Highlights•Drug seeking is associated with reward neural circuitry activation.•Addiction
involves decreased brain reward and recruitment of brain stress systems.•The …

Allostasis, originally conceptualized to explain persistent morbidity of arousal and autonomic
function, is defined as the process of achieving stability through physiological or behavioral …

Aims The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of our knowledge of the
neurobiological bases of addiction relevant for the diagnosis of addiction. Methods A …

Drug addiction can be defined by a compulsion to seek and take drug, loss of control in
limiting intake, and the emergence of a negative emotional state when access to the drug is …

This paper reviews recent developments in the neurocircuitry and neurobiology of addiction
from a perspective of allostasis. A model is proposed for brain changes that occur during the …

Addiction has been conceptualized as a three-stage cycle—binge/intoxication,
withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation—that worsens over time and …