It is well known that intracellular signaling from chloroplast to nucleus plays a vital role in
stress responses to survive environmental perturbations. The chloroplasts were proposed as …

Increased temperatures caused by global warming threaten agricultural production, as
warmer conditions can inhibit plant growth and development or even destroy crops in …

In order for plant cells to function efficiently under different environmental conditions,
chloroplastic processes have to be tightly regulated by the nucleus. It is widely believed that …

The chloroplast has a central position in oxygenic photosynthesis and primary metabolism.
In addition to these functions, the chloroplast has recently emerged as a pivotal regulator of …

Retrograde signaling coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar
proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. These plastid signals …

The chloroplast is a complex cellular organelle that not only performs photosynthesis but
also synthesizes amino acids, lipids, and phytohormones. Nuclear and chloroplast genetic …

Chloroplast and mitochondria not only provide the energy to the plant cell but due to the
sensitivity of organellar processes to perturbations caused by abiotic stress, they are also …

Highlights•Chloroplasts are vital for the viability of plants.•Retrograde signaling is critical for
chloroplast biogenesis and maintenance.•Several metabolites are involved in retrograde …

Retrograde signals are signals that originate in organelles to regulate nuclear gene
expression. In plant cells, retrograde signaling from both chloroplasts and mitochondria is …

Recent findings have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling
molecules for regulating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stress and that there exist …