Malaria caused by the Plasmodium family of parasites, especially P. falciparum and P. vivax,
is a major health problem in many countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the …

Malaria infection triggers vigorous host immune responses; however, the parasite ligands,
host receptors, and the signaling pathways responsible for these reactions remain unknown …

Innate immune receptors have a key role in immune surveillance by sensing
microorganisms and initiating protective immune responses. However, the innate immune …

Effective immunity to malaria has been clearly demonstrated among individuals naturally
exposed to malaria, and can be induced by experimental infections in animals and humans …

Malaria is a major cause of disease and death in tropical countries. A safe and effective
vaccine is essential to achieve significant and sustained reductions in malaria-related …

The blood stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle is responsible for all the clinical
symptoms of malaria. The development of clinical disease is dependent on the interplay of …

That humans in endemic areas become immune to malaria offers encouragement to the
idea of developing protective vaccines. However natural immunity is relatively inefficient …

Malaria is possibly the most serious infectious disease of humans, infecting 5–10% of the
world's population, with 300–600 million clinical cases and more than 2 million deaths …

It has long been known that malaria infection causes host immune modulation by various
mechanisms. However, the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mediating innate immune …

The optimal outcome of a malaria infection is that parasitized cells are killed and degraded
without inducing significant pathology. Since much of the pathology of malaria infection can …