Breast cancer (BC) is potentially life‐threatening malignancy that still causes high mortality
among women. Scientific research in this field is focused on deeper understanding of …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) ligand is a multifunctional growth factor that regulates
various cell behavior, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis …

The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a potent regulator of tumor initiation,
progression and metastasis. It has been known for many years that TGF-β signaling in the …

The contribution of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling to breast cancer has been
studied for more than two decades. In an early phase TGF-β may act as a tumour …

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an essential process that drives polarized,
immotile mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to acquire apolar, highly migratory fibroblastoid …

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β is a pre-eminent negative growth regulator that has
antiproliferative effects on a range of epithelial cells. This ability has evoked interest in this …

Metastasis is unequivocally the most lethal aspect of breast cancer and the most prominent
feature associated with disease recurrence, the molecular mechanisms whereby epithelial …

The antiestrogen tamoxifen is one of the most successful drugs in the endocrine treatment of
breast cancer and significantly reduces the risk of recurrence and death. Antiestrogens act …

In most human breast cancers, lowering of TGFβ receptor-or Smad gene expression
combined with increased levels of TGFβs in the tumor microenvironment is sufficient to …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that functions to inhibit
mammary tumorigenesis by directly inducing mammary epithelial cells (MECs) to undergo …