Objectives We describe the outcomes of second-line drug resistance profiles and predict the
efficacy of drugs for third-line therapy in patients monitored without the benefit of plasma HIV …

Objectives In resource-limited settings, few data are available on virological failure after long-
term first-line antiretroviral therapy. This study characterized the genotypic resistance …

Increased HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) with antiretroviral therapy (ART) rollout may
jeopardize therapeutic options, especially in this era of transition to fixed-dose tenofovir …

Objectives To analyze the patterns and risk factors of HIV drug resistance mutations among
patients failing second-line treatment and to describe early treatment responses to …

Background The ongoing scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has
prompted the interest in surveillance of transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance …

Background The lack of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) viral load (VL) monitoring in resource-limited
settings might favour the accumulation of resistance mutations and thus hamper second-line …

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance may limit the
benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). This cohort study examined patterns of drug …

Introduction The current expansion of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the developing world
without routine virological monitoring still raises concerns on the outcome of the strategy in …

Background We describe the accumulation of HIV-1 drug resistance and its effect on the
activity of next-line components in patients with virological failure (HIV-1 RNA> 1000 …

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate HIV-1 drug resistance among patients
failing first-line antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Methods A total of 699 adults infected with …