The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which
mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

In this review, we summarize our investigations concerning the differential importance of
CD14 and LBP in toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2) …

Highlights•MD-2 and CD14 regulate the transport and signaling functions of TLR4.•LPS-
induced CD14 aggregation modulates PIP5K activity to promote myddosome signaling …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful
activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules that activate the immune
system as part of the innate immune response. Microbial recognition by TLRs plays a crucial …

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor–
ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2–CD14 …

The innate immune system is the primary line of defence against invading pathogenic
microbes. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of membrane receptors which play a pivotal …

Innate immune mechanisms that follow early recognition of microbes influence the nature
and magnitude of subsequent adaptive immune responses. Early detection of microbes …