Targeting immune checkpoints has achieved great therapeutic effects in the treatment of
early-stage tumors. However, most patients develop adaptive resistance to this therapy. The …

Simple Summary Immunotherapies such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1 have garnered increasing
importance in cancer therapy, leading to substantial improvements in patient care and …

The use of immune checkpoint therapies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its
ligand (PD-L1) continue to show limited durable success in clinical cases despite …

Understanding of the role of immunity in the regulation of cancer growth continues to rapidly
increase. This is fuelled by the impressive results yielded in recent years by immune …

Tumor cells exploit several mechanisms for hijacking an immunosuppressive tumor
ecosystem in order to evade immune surveillance and to progress toward metastasis …

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles containing microRNA, RNA, DNA fragments, and
proteins that are transferred from donor cells to recipient cells. Tumor cells release …

Exosomes are involved in cell-to-cell communication and play a crucial role in cellular
physiology. The role of exosomes in cancer has been widely explored. Tumor cells have …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a type I transmembrane protein, binds to its receptor
PD-1 to suppress the activation of T cells, thereby maintaining immunological homeostasis …

Metastasis is the main cause of death in individuals with cancer. Immune checkpoint
blockade (ICB) can potentially reverse CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) dysfunction …

Exosomes are bioactive lipid bilayer vesicles released by most cells to mediate intercellular
signal communication. Tumor cells release exosomes transmitting signals cell-to-cell and …