Pain caused by acute pulpitis (AP) is a common symptom in clinical settings. However, its
underlying mechanisms have largely remained unknown. Using AP model, we …

Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) is a significant health problem but the involved
mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have recently …

Background The existence of referred pain and ectopic paresthesia caused by tooth pulp
inflammation may make definitive diagnosis difficult and cause misdiagnosis or …

Background The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the mechanisms underlying
tongue-referred pain associated with tooth pulp inflammation. Method Using mechanical …

Background: We have previously reported that nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is
attenuated in toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) knock-out mice. In these mice, inflammatory gene …

Introduction Delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and its endogenous ligands distribute in trigeminal
system and play a very important role in modulating peripheral inflammatory pain. DOR …

Abstract Toll like receptor 7 (TLR7) is expressed in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion
(DRG), but whether it contributes to neuropathic pain is elusive. We found that peripheral …

Elevated excitability of primary afferent neurons underlies chronic pain in patients with
functional or inflammatory bowel diseases. Recent studies have established an essential …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in pain and itch regulation. TLR2, a TLR
family member that detects microbial membrane components, has been implicated in …

There is increasing evidence that the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway contribute
to development of hyperalgesia in the trigeminal system. The aim of the present study was to …