Glutamate concentrations in plasma are 50–100 μmol/L; in whole brain, they are 10,000–
12,000 μmol/L but only 0.5–2 μmol/L in extracellular fluids (ECFs). The low ECF …

In most regions of the brain, the uptake of glutamate and other anionic excitatory amino
acids from the circulation is limited by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In most animals, the …

Glutamate transporters in cells of the central nervous system play a key role, not only in
providing glutamate for metabolic and protein synthesis purposes, but also in terminating …

A facilitative transport system exists on the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that has been tacitly
assumed to be a path for glutamate entry to the brain. However, glutamate is a non-essential …

Brain capillary endothelial cells form the blood–brain barrier (BBB). They are connected by
extensive tight junctions, and are polarized into luminal (blood-facing) and abluminal (brain …

Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in brain. Our knowledge of the
glutamatergic synapse has advanced enormously in the last 10 years, primarily through …

Na+-dependent transporters for glutamate exist on astrocytes (EAAT1 and EAAT2) and
neurons (EAAT3). These transporters presumably assist in keeping the glutamate …

Intrasynaptic [glutamate] must be kept low in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio after
the release of transmitter glutamate. This is accomplished by rapid uptake of glutamate into …

In the mammalian central nervous system, L-glutamic acid, besides its important nutritional
role, acts as a chemical transmitter of excitatory signals (Fonnum, 1984). Synaptically …

The transport of circulating amino acids into brain is of much importance to brain function
since many pathways of cerebral amino acid metabolism are influenced by precursor …