Frozen water has a quasi-liquid layer at its surface that exists even well below the bulk
melting temperature; the formation of this layer is termed premelting. The nature of the …

Premelting of ice at temperatures below 0° C is of fundamental importance for environmental
processes. Various experimental techniques have been used to investigate the temperature …

In this review, we summarize the available experimental data from recently developed
molecular level techniques on the surface structure, surface premelting layer thickness, and …

Since the pioneering prediction of surface melting by Michael Faraday, it has been widely
accepted that thin water layers, called quasi-liquid layers (QLLs), homogeneously and …

Experiments and computer simulations have established that liquid water's surfaces can
deviate in important ways from familiar bulk behavior. Even in the simplest case of an air …

The present theories of surface premelting are based on the assumed mechanism whereby
a liquid layer is formed because the free energy of the surface is thus minimized. It is shown …

Ice is ubiquitous in nature, and heterogeneous ice nucleation is the most common pathway
of ice formation. How surface properties affect the propensity to observe ice nucleation on …

What makes a material a good ice nucleating agent? Despite the importance of
heterogeneous ice nucleation to a variety of fields, from cloud science to microbiology, major …

There is much evidence that nucleation of liquid droplets from vapor as well as nucleation of
crystals from both solution and vapor occurs preferentially in surface defects such as pits …

We report laboratory observations of higher freezing temperatures when an ice-forming
nucleus is near the surface of an undercooled water drop than when the nucleus is …