How mechanical forces are sensed remains largely mysterious. The forces that gate
prokaryotic and several eukaryotic channels were found to come from the lipid membrane …

It is well established that mechanosensitive ion channels differentially respond to membrane
tension, bilayer thinning and curvature. The thesis that the lipid bilayer acted as the terminal …

Cells can sense and respond to various mechanical stimuli from their surrounding
environment. One of the explanations for mechanosensitivity, a lipid-bilayer model, suggests …

For mechanical force to induce changes in cellular behaviors, two main processes are
inevitable; perception of the force and response to it. Perception of mechanical force by …

Life's origin entails enclosing a compartment to hoard material, energy, and information. The
envelope necessarily comprises amphipaths, such as prebiotic fatty acids, to partition the …

Cells perceive force through a variety of molecular sensors, of which the mechanosensitive
ion channels are the most efficient and act the fastest. These channels apparently evolved to …

Mammalian and bacterial cells sense and exert mechanical forces through the process of
mechanotransduction, which interconverts biochemical and physical signals. This is …

Focus on touch and hearing distracts attention from numerous subconscious force sensors,
such as the vital control of blood pressure and systemic osmolarity, and sensors in …

Beyond the more common chemical delivery strategies, several physical techniques are
used to open the lipid bilayers of cellular membranes. These include using electric and …

We introduce a simple intermembrane junction system in which to explore pattern and
structure formation by membrane-bound proteins. The junction consists of a planar lipid …