Introduction Despite the ever-increasing occurrences of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
cases around the world, very few medications have been validated in the clinical trials to …

The most severe presentation of COVID-19 is characterized by a hyperinflammatory state
attributed to the massive pro-inflammatory cytokine release, called “cytokine storm”. Several …

Background A pandemic outbreak of COVID‐19 has been sweeping the world since
December. It begins as a respiratory infection that, mainly in men with diabetes or renal …

In the absence of definitive anti-viral therapy, there is considerable interest in mitigating
against severe inflammatory reactions in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia …

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the severe acute respiratory
syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2) infection to be a pandemic disease. SARS-CoV2 …

We read with interest the commentary by Dalamaga and colleagues [1] that brought to the
attention of the scientific community the potential role of Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) …

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the binding-site and entry-point for
SARS-CoV-2 in human and highly expressed in the lung. Cigarette smoking (CS) is the …

Emerging in December 2019 in a local seafood market for the first time, coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) is not merely an infection of the respiratory tract, but rather a systemic …

The search for selective inhibitors of PDE4 as novel anti-inflammatory drugs has continued
for more than 30 years. Although several compounds have demonstrated therapeutic effects …

ABSTRACT Introduction Phosphodiesterase 9 (PDE9) has been demonstrated as a
potential target for neurological disorders and cardiovascular diseases, such as Alzheimer's …