Abstract Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18, and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) can induce Th1-
inflammatory responses in favor of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic …

Abstract HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic
neuroinflammatory disease related to human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection …

We previously reported elevated levels of serum interleukin-12 (IL-12) in association with
increased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I …

Abstract Interleukin-21 (IL-21) enhances the survival and cytotoxic properties of cytotoxic T
cells (CTLs) and exhibits essential roles in controlling chronic viral infections. HTLV-1 …

The human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated
myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The present study investigated the …

Background/Aims: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that
causes a persistent infection, and only 0.5-5% of infected individuals will develop HTLV-1 …

We analyzed the relationship between the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ and HTLV-I p19
antigen and activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in two HTLV-I …

Objective: Th1 activation based on a high HTLV-I proviral load is one of the characteristic
immunological abnormalities in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with HTLV-I …

A significant elevation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was observed both in serum (mean
0.455±0.251) and in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)(mean 0.043±0.016) obtained from 13 …

HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of a neurological disease named HAM/TSP that has clinical
characteristics similar to those of multiple sclerosis (MS). The PBMC obtained from …