For animals, being a member of a group provides various advantages, such as reduced
vulnerability to predators, increased foraging opportunities and reduced energetic costs of …

The schooling behaviour of fish is of great biological importance, playing a crucial role in the
foraging and predator avoidance of numerous species. The extent to which physiological …

Schooling in fish is linked to a number of factors such as increased foraging success,
predator avoidance, and social interactions. In addition, a prevailing hypothesis is that …

The physical basis for fish schooling is examined using three-dimensional numerical
simulations of a pair of swimming fish, with kinematics and geometry obtained from …

A potential benefit of swimming together in coordinated schools is to allow fish to extract
energy from vortices shed by their neighbours, thus reducing the costs of locomotion. This …

There is increasing evidence that fish gain energetic benefits from the hydrodynamic
interactions when they swim in a school. The most recent indications of such benefits are a …

Fish benefit energetically when swimming in groups, which is reflected in lower tail-beat
frequencies for maintaining a given speed. Recent studies further show that fish save the …

The question of how individuals in a population organize when living in groups arises for
systems as different as a swarm of microorganisms or a flock of seagulls. The different …

Polarity, group velocity, and inter-individual spacing are characteristics of fish schools that
strongly affect individual school members. However, these characteristics are group-level …

Predation is thought to shape the macroscopic properties of animal groups, making moving
groups more cohesive and coordinated. Precisely how predation has shaped individuals' …