Trihexyphenidyl (THP)—a synthetic anticholinergic medication used to manage
parkinsonism and extrapyramidal symptoms—has gained significant clinical recognition …

The escalating rates of morbidity and mortality associated with opioid use disorder (OUD)
have spurred a critical need for improved treatment outcomes. This study aimed to …

The number of hydroxyl groups and existence of characteristic structural groups in tea
polyphenols (TP) make them have antioxidant activity, which gives TP anti-inflammatory …

Propionic acid (PPA) is a ubiquitous short-chain fatty acid, which is a major fermentation
product of the enteric microbiome. PPA is a normal intermediate of metabolism and is found …

The use of illicit substances continues to pose a substantial threat to global health, affecting
millions of individuals annually. Evidence suggests the existence of a 'brain–gut axis' as the …

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) include complex and multifactorial diseases that affect
many patients. The 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neuron system plays an important role in …

Recent evidence highlights Parkinson's disease (PD) initiation in the gut as the prodromal
phase of neurodegeneration. Gut impairment due to microbial dysbiosis could affect PD …

Abstract Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer known for its
environmental endocrine-disrupting properties, posing potential risks to various organs …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with an
increasing prevalence as the population ages, posing a serious threat to human health, but …

Tryptophan (Trp) is not only a nutrient enhancer but also has systemic effects. Trp
metabolites signaling through the well-known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) constitute the …