Determination of signaling pathways that regulate beta-cell replication is critical for beta-cell
therapy. Here, we show that blocking pancreatic macrophage infiltration after pancreatic …

Pancreatic β-cell loss and dysfunction are critical components of all types of diabetes.
Human and rodent β-cells are able to proliferate, and this proliferation is an important …

The members of the TGF-β superfamily, ie, TGF-β isoforms, activins, and bone
morphogenetic proteins, regulate growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, both during …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in B-lymphocytes and
is essential for immune regulation and maintenance of self-tolerance. Here we show that …

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating a variety of cellular
processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, cell adhesion, and …

Biochemical studies have shown that Smad7 blocks signal transduction of transforming
growth factor β (TGFβ); however, its in vivo functions are largely unknown. To determine the …

Development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and pro-inflammatory Th17 cells from naive CD4+
T cells requires transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. Although Smad4 and Smad3 …

Smad6 and Smad7 prevent ligand-induced activation of signal-transducing Smad proteins
in the transforming growth factor-β family. Here we demonstrate that both Smad6 and …

Smad7 has been identified as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)
signaling by interfering with the phosphorylation of other Smad proteins by TGF-β receptor …

Identification of signaling pathways that maintain and promote adult pancreatic islet
functions will accelerate our understanding of organogenesis and improve strategies for …