Students learn more effectively through repeated retrieval of study materials relative to
repeated exposure to the materials, a phenomenon known as the testing effect or retrieval …

Many studies have reported that tests are beneficial for learning (eg, Roediger & Karpicke,
2006a). However, the majority of studies on the testing effect have been limited to a …

This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical advancements in the scientific understanding
of human spatial memory and navigation. The primary goal is to examine the ways in which …

Previous work has shown that testing can enhance learning and retention of subsequently
studied new information. The present study investigated this forward testing effect in spatial …

The goal of this chapter is to review empirical and theoretical advancements in the scientific
understanding of human spatial memory. I attend primarily to spatial memories acquired …

Testing spatial memory within the same environment used for learning produces
interference between one's immediate representation of current position and the to-be …

Orientation dependence in spatial memory has often been interpreted in terms of
accessibility: Object locations are encoded relative to a reference orientation that affords the …

This study investigated to what extent people can develop global spatial representations of a
multiroom environment through one-shot physical walking between rooms. In Experiment 1 …

Abstract Objects learned within single enclosed spaces (eg, rooms) can be represented
within a single reference frame. Contrarily, the representation of navigable spaces (multiple …

Retrieval practice, the act of recalling information on a practice test, leads to better long-term
memory than non-testing study activities (the testing effect). This effect occurs even when the …