Foot and ankle joint models are widely used in the biomechanics community for
musculoskeletal and finite element analysis. However, personalizing a foot and ankle joint …

Introduction Musculoskeletal models are important tools for studying movement patterns,
tissue loading, and neuromechanics. Personalising bone anatomy within models improves …

A detailed understanding of foot morphology can enable the design of more comfortable and
better fitting footwear. However, foot morphology varies widely within the population, and …

Accurate analysis of bone position and orientation in foot and ankle studies relies on
anatomical coordinate systems (ACS). Reliable ACSs are necessary for many …

Objective To establish the three-dimensional (3D) statistical shape model (SSM) of the foot,
so as to reveal the 3D foot shape variations. Methods Foot data from 50 normal Chinese …

The use of anatomically accurate finite element (FE) models of the human foot in research
studies has increased rapidly in recent years. Uses for FE foot models include advancing …

Discussion With any statistical model there is bound to be a wide variety of shape variation.
As scientists and engineers, we can characterize anatomical shape variations in subsets of …

Background Currently, custom foot and ankle orthosis prescription and design tend to be
based on traditional techniques, which can result in devices which vary greatly between …

The finite element (FE) foot model can help estimate pathomechanics and improve the
customized foot orthoses design. However, the procedure of developing FE models can be …

Segment coordinate systems (CSs) of marker-based multi-segment foot models are used to
measure foot kinematics, however their relationship to the underlying bony anatomy is …