Gregariousness ought to be disadvantageous for palatable organisms that live exposed and
are relatively immobile and small in comparison to potential predators. Therefore, the idea …

In a published paper, a method for testing the correlation between two discrete characters
was presented and applied to test whether in butterfly larvae origins of gregariousness are …

The idea that an aposematic prey combines crypsis at a distance with conspicuousness
close up was tested in an experiment using human subjects. We estimated detectability of …

1. Aposematism is a widely used antipredator strategy in which an organism possesses both
warning coloration and unprofitable characters. Theoretical evidence suggests that …

There is a general consensus that kin selection is prerequisite for the evolution of
distastefulness and warning coloration as a means of anti-predator defense. However, after …

Papilio swallowtail butterflies exhibit a remarkable diversity of Batesian mimicry, manifested
in several sex-limited and polymorphic types. There is little understanding of how this …

MATERIALS AND METHODS The larvae of the monarch feed on various plants in the
milkweed family Asclepiadaceae, and sequester and store the cardiac glycosides that are …

Recent observations show that some butterfly females lay increasingly smaller eggs over the
oviposition period, eg Pieris rapae (Jones et al. 1982), Euphydryas editha (Murphy et al …

Many animals undergo complete metamorphosis, where larval forms change abruptly in
adulthood. Color change during ontogeny is common, but there is little understanding of …

Gregariousness in insects is often associated with aposematism, which has two distinct
properties, repellent defence and warning coloration. Theoretically, both repellent defence …