Aims Stroke is a devastating event and a huge public health concern worldwide. Apremilast
(APR) is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase‐4 involved in various neurological …

Abstract Blood–brain-barrier (BBB) disruption, inflammation and thrombosis are important
steps in the pathophysiology of acute ischemic stroke but are still inaccessible to therapeutic …

Oxygen–glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced impairment of astrocytes
may lead to neuronal dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS). Apremilast is a …

Oxidative stress, an adverse consequence of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI),
activates matrix metalloproteinase enzymes which cause to destruction of extracellular …

Abstract Both sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 (S1PR2) and cytosolic phospholipase A
2 (cPLA 2) are implicated in the disruption of cerebrovascular integrity in experimental …

Background: Ischemic stroke is the most common stroke incident. Sphingosine-1-phosphate
(S1P) receptor 3 (S1PR3) is a member of the downstream G protein-coupled receptor family …

Background: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a common severe complication
following cerebrovascular diseases and poses significant challenges to human health and …

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability among adults. Despite
the economic burden of the disease, available treatment options are still very limited. With …

Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibition, broadly utilised in cardiovascular disease, may protect the
blood-brain barrier (BBB) during thrombolysis from rt-PA-induced damage. While the use of …

Acute ischemic stroke is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only agent clinically approved by …