Background Trees are major components of many terrestrial ecosystems and are grown in
managed plantations and orchards to provide a variety of economically important products …

Several key tree genera are used in planted forests worldwide, and these represent
valuable global resources. Planted forests are increasingly threatened by insects and …

The increasing number of invasive pests and pathogens entering North America and Europe
indicate that the threat which they pose to forests is increasing concurrently with climate …

Highlights•Forest loss contributes to pest and pathogen emergence and spread.•Forests and
surrounding areas exchange pests and microbes at an unprecedented rate.•Trade and …

The predicted change in our climate is likely to inflict particular stresses on the trees and
other plants constituting urban and peri-urban greening schemes, and this may increase …

Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to natural dynamics of
forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in combination with other disturbance …

Humans rely on healthy forests to supply energy, building materials, and food and to provide
services such as storing carbon, hosting biodiversity, and regulating climate. Defining forest …

Societal Impact Statement Trees play vital roles in many of the world's ecosystems while
providing many benefits to people. New evidence indicates that a third of tree species are …

It is well recognised that pests and pathogens are increasingly threatening both natural
woody ecosystems and plantation forestry world-wide. This threat is largely connected to the …

The world's forests have never been more threatened by invasions of exotic pests and
pathogens, whose causes and impacts are reinforced by global change. However, forest …