The Wolffian duct (WD) is an embryonic tissue that undergoes androgen-induced
morphological changes to become the epididymis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-and nuclear …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) belonging to pattern recognition receptors are involved in
maintaining testicular and epididymal immune homeostasis. The purpose of the current …

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) may cause epididymitis and impair male fertility.
The mechanisms underlying the innate immune responses to UPEC infection in the …

The testis is an immunoprivileged site, where the local cell-initiated testicular innate immune
responses play a crucial role in defense against microbial infections. Mechanisms …

Whey-acidic protein four-disulfide core domain (WFDC) genes display putative roles in
innate immunity and fertility. In mice, a locus on chromosome 2 contains 5 and 11 Wfdc …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in mediating innate and adaptive immunity.
Sertoli cells create a microenvironment that protects seminiferous tubules from autoantigens …

Background Region‐specific immune environments in the epididymis influence the immune
responses to uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infection, a relevant cause of …

Neonatal immune challenge by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces
enduring alterations in the development and activity of neuroendocrine, immune and other …

Male reproductive system is immunoprivileged and has special immune microenvironment
to protect the testicular cells including the germ cells. A wide range of microorganisms are …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may play a critical role in regulating follicular development. Data
are scarce on the role of TLR4 in the follicle. This study investigated the effects of TLR4 on …