The Drosophila brain contains a relatively simple circuit for forming Pavlovian associations,
yet it achieves many operations common across memory systems. Recent advances have …

In nature, animals form memories associating reward or punishment with stimuli from
different sensory modalities, such as smells and colors. It is unclear, however, how distinct …

Associative learning is thought to involve parallel and distributed mechanisms of memory
formation and storage. In Drosophila, the mushroom body (MB) is the major site of …

Highlights•Recurrent connectivity is anatomically and functionally prevalent in fly memory
circuits.•Sustained reverberant activity is necessary for memory consolidation.•Feedforward …

Although associative learning has been localized to specific brain areas in many animals,
identifying the underlying synaptic processes in vivo has been difficult. Here, we provide the …

Highlights•Dopamine neurons coding opposite value are segregated in the fly
brain.•Dopamine neurons representing reward type innervate discrete mushroom body …

We identified the neurons comprising the Drosophila mushroom body (MB), an associative
center in invertebrate brains, and provide a comprehensive map describing their potential …

New approaches, techniques and tools invented over the last decade and a half have
revolutionized the functional dissection of neural circuitry underlying Drosophila learning …

The brain adaptively integrates present sensory input, past experience, and options for
future action. The insect mushroom body exemplifies how a central brain structure brings …

Olfactory learning assays in Drosophila have revealed that distinct brain structures known as
mushroom bodies (MBs) are critical for the associative learning and memory of olfactory …