Pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region often occurs with no overt signs of injury or
inflammation. Although the etiology of TMJ-related pain may involve multiple factors, one …

The signs and symptoms of persistent temporomandibular joint (TMJ)/muscle disorder
(TMJD) pain suggest the existence of a central neural dysfunction or a problem of pain …

Estrogen status is a risk factor for temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMJD)
and other craniofacial pain conditions. The basis for estrogen modulation of pain is poorly …

Estrogen status and psychological stress contribute to the expression of several chronic pain
conditions including temporomandibular muscle and joint disorders (TMJD). Sensory …

Several painful conditions, including temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are more
prevalent and more severe in women than in men. Although the physiological basis for this …

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients often exhibit widespread clinical pain, as well
as greater sensitivity to experimental pain than pain-free controls, suggesting a role of …

Several pain conditions localized to the craniofacial region show a remarkable sex‐related
difference in their prevalence. These conditions include temporomandibular disorders and …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway
plays a key role in mediating estrogen actions in the brain and neuronal sensitization during …

There is increasing evidence for estrogenic modulation of neurotransmission within the
trigeminal pain pathway. It is also likely that the effects of estrogens may be influenced by …

Sensory input from the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) to neurons in superficial laminae at
the spinomedullary (Vc/C 1–2) region is strongly influenced by estrogen status. This study …