The history of life on Earth is punctuated by a series of mass extinction episodes that vary
widely in their magnitude, duration, and cause. Biomarkers are a powerful tool for the …

The response of the terrestrial biosphere to warming remains one of the most poorly
understood and quantified aspects of the climate system. One way to test the behavior of the …

The vast majority of species that have ever lived went extinct sometime other than during
one of the great mass extinction events. In spite of this, mass extinctions are thought to have …

Extinction is the ultimate fate of all biological species-over 99 percent of the species that
have ever inhabited the Earth are now extinct. The long fossil record of life provides …

With overwhelming evidence of change in habitats, biologists today must assume that few, if
any, study areas are natural and that biological variability is superimposed on trends rather …

The temporal link between large igneous province (LIP) eruptions and at least half of the
major extinctions of the Phanerozoic implies that large scale volcanism is the main driver of …

The excellent fossil record of the past few million years, combined with the overwhelming
similarity of the biota to extant species, provides an outstanding opportunity for …

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Thirty years ago, biologists began to predict how climate change would alter species'
ranges, extinctions, and their roles in ecosystems (1). Since then, evidence has begun to …

To reconstruct past environmental changes, a range of indirect or proxy approaches can be
applied to Quaternary archives. Here, we review the complementary and novel insights that …