While the vertebrate immune system consists of innate and adaptive branches, invertebrates
only have innate immunity. This feature makes them an ideal model system for studying the …

Besides dividing the organism's immune system into adaptive and innate immunity, it has
long been thought that only adaptive immunity can establish immune memory. However …

Over the last decades, there was increasing evidence for the presence of innate immune
memory in living organisms. In this review, we compare the innate immune memory of …

Host responses against invading pathogens are basic physiological reactions of all living
organisms. Since the appearance of the first eukaryotic cells, a series of defense …

High immune specificity is usually considered an exclusive property of vertebrate adaptive
immunity. Surprisingly, similar specificities were recently discovered in the invertebrates …

Amphioxus Immunity: Tracing the Origin of Human Immunity covers a remarkable range of
information about Amphioxus and its evolutionary context. This compilation of what is …

Innate immunity mechanisms have provided an effective means of surveillance and
protection against parasites and pathogens in invertebrates. With the lack of adaptive …

The ability of developing immunological memory, a characteristic feature of adaptive
immunity, is clearly present also in innate immune responses. In fact, it is well known that …

Invertebrates are the protagonists of a recent paradigm shift because they now show that
vertebrates are not the only group with immune memory. This review discusses the concept …

The study of innate immunity has become increasingly popular since the discovery of
homologs of many of the innate immune system components and pathways in lower …