Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful and incurable disease characterized by chronic joint
inflammation and a progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. Although current …

Abstract Introduction Type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4) play an important role in immune
cells through the hydrolysis of the second messenger, cAMP. Inhibition of PDE4 has …

Neutrophils have been implicated in initiating and perpetuating systemic lupus
erythematosus and the resultant kidney damage in lupus nephritis (LN) patients, in part …

Objective To determine whether an intraarticular injection of the neutrophil chemorepellent
dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV; CD26) can attenuate inflammation and decrease the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by increasing
levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4 …

Introduction This work was undertaken to delineate intracellular signaling pathways for the
PDE4 inhibitor apremilast and to examine interactions between apremilast, methotrexate …

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is a key enzyme in the degradation of cyclic adenosine
monophosphate and is centrally involved in the cytokine production of inflammatory cells …

Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 is a member of the S9b serine protease family, which also
includes DPP8 and DPP9. DPP4 cleaves a number of regulatory factors, including …

Apremilast is a novel phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor suppressing immune and
inflammatory responses. We assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of Apremilast in type II …

Objective Ibudilast is a well‐tolerated, orally available phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor
used to treat asthma and stroke. Since PDE4 inhibition suppresses inflammatory mediator …