Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus
surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host …

Human infection with the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 is associated with
a high mortality and morbidity. H5N1 continues to transmit from poultry to the human …

To test the role of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and receptor adaptation in interspecies
transmission of influenza virus, two H5N1 strains, isolated from human and avian hosts, with …

Background In early 2020, a novel H9N2 AIV immune escape variant emerged in South
China and rapidly spread throughout mainland China. The effectiveness of the current H9N2 …

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) evolves rapidly in both genovariation and antigenicity. It is
essential to monitor the change of antigenicity, in particular in the hemagglutinin (HA) …

Avian influenza viruses continue to evolve and acquire mutations that facilitate antigenic drift
and virulence change. In 2017, low-pathogenicity H7N9 avian influenza viruses evolved to a …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 viruses remain endemic in poultry in several
countries and still constitute a pandemic threat. Since the early 20th century, we …

Since the advent of highly pathogenic variants of avian influenza virus (HPAIV), the main
focus of avian influenza research has been the characterization and detection of HPAIV …

H9N2 avian influenza virus is a major cause of poultry production loss across Asia leading
to the wide use of vaccines. Efficacy of vaccines is often compromised due to the rapid …

Abstract Avian influenza A (H9N2) viruses are an increasing threat to global poultry
production and, through zoonotic infection, to human health where they are considered …