The role of nitrergic system in modulating the action of psychostimulants on reward
processing is well established. However, the relevant anatomical underpinnings and scope …

Nitric oxide (NO) and serotonin play an important role in the functioning of the medial
prefrontal cortex, but their interaction has been poorly explored. The aim of this work was to …

Nicotine, the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco, stimulates dopamine (DA) function,
increasing DA neuronal activity and DA release. DA is involved in both motor control and in …

Background: Opioid and dopamine systems play crucial roles in reward. Similarities and
differences in the neural mechanisms of reward that are mediated by these 2 systems have …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a potential remedial
therapy for drug craving and relapse, but the mechanism is poorly understood. We …

Norepinephrine (NE) acts in the amygdala to regulate processes underlying acquisition and
expression of emotional learning. The present study investigated whether stimulation of …

Abstract Treatment of neuropathic pain with opioid analgesics remains controversial and a
major concern is the risk of addiction. Here, we investigated this issue with spared nerve …

Excitatory synapses on dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) represent
an important role in psychostimulant‐induced rewarding effect. This study investigated the …

In order to differentiate the roles of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine
systems in the action of opiates on dopaminergically mediated intracranial self-stimulation …

Previous reports indicate that nicotine reward is mediated through α4β2*, α6β2*, and
α4α6β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs;* indicates that additional nAChR …